中药联合化疗药物在结直肠癌治疗领域展现出增效减毒的良好潜力,但其药理作用机制尚待系统阐释。中药一方面通过调控细胞周期进程、诱导自噬与凋亡、逆转多药耐药、重塑免疫微环境4个途径直接或间接地增强化疗疗效;另一方面通过抗炎抗氧化机制发挥修复神经损伤、促进骨髓造血功能恢复、维护肠黏膜屏障完整性的减毒效应。本文系统综述了中药复方、单味中药及其活性成分与化疗药物联用的机制与临床研究,并对当前研究的局限性与未来发展方向进行探讨,以期为中西医结合治疗模式的构建提供参考。
结直肠癌是全球第三大常见的恶性肿瘤,也是癌症相关死亡的第二大原因,2020年结直肠癌全球新发病例超190万,死亡病例约93.5万,且其发病呈现年轻化趋势[1]。目前,结直肠癌的治疗以手术切除为主,辅以化疗、靶向治疗及免疫治疗等综合手段[2]。其中,化疗是中晚期结直肠癌患者的基石疗法,在控制病情进展、延长生存期方面发挥着关键作用[3]。研究表明,化疗疗效常受限于肿瘤异质性、多药耐药等不利因素,同时伴随疗效而来的不良反应,如骨髓抑制、神经毒性、胃肠道反应等,严重影响了患者的治疗耐受性与生活质量,导致部分患者生存获益有限[4]。
在此背景下,如何实现化疗药物的“增效减毒”已成为当前结直肠癌治疗领域的研究热点。近年来,中药在多靶点治疗领域展现出巨大潜力,但中药的作用路径各有特点,且其协同效应的相关研究尚待系统梳理[5]。因此,本文在现有研究的基础上围绕增效与减毒两大主线,整合分析了近年来中药复方、单味中药及其活性成分联合化疗药物治疗结直肠癌的研究进展,以期为中西药联用治疗结直肠癌提供参考。
1 中药联合化疗药物增强疗效
中药联合化疗药物的增效作用并非简单的药效叠加,而是基于多靶点、多通路的协同调控[6]。研究表明,中药可从直接干预肿瘤细胞发展与重塑肿瘤细胞微环境两大层面系统增强化疗的敏感性:一方面,中药调控肿瘤细胞周期进程、诱导凋亡与自噬等死亡程序,从根源上直接抑制肿瘤增殖;另一方面,中药通过多重机制逆转多药耐药、重塑肿瘤免疫微环境,间接地增强化疗疗效[7]。中药联合化疗药物的增效机制见图1和表1。
1.1 调控肿瘤细胞周期进程
无限增殖和周期失控是肿瘤细胞维持其恶性特征的主要手段,多数化疗药物通过干扰特定周期发挥效应,然而肿瘤细胞异常逃逸化疗杀伤的现象常常发生,研究表明,中药能在不影响正常细胞周期分布的前提下,调控周期相关蛋白,并将肿瘤细胞阻滞于特定阶段,从而增强化疗敏感性,抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[23]。Wan等[8]通过Compusyn软件分析证实了西洋参与5-FU联用具有协同效应,能显著提高结直肠癌细胞G1期比例并抑制增殖,提示西洋参可能通过周期阻滞提高5-FU的临床疗效。Liu等[9]发现黄芩葛根汤联用5-FU能在不改变正常结肠上皮细胞周期分布的基础上,增加HCT116细胞G0期数量,Chou-Talalay分析也进一步验证了两种药物的协同作用。
1.2 诱导肿瘤细胞自噬与凋亡
凋亡与自噬是化疗药物诱导肿瘤细胞死亡的重要程序,但肿瘤细胞常通过抑制凋亡与激活保护性自噬的方式逃脱化疗药物的诱导[24]。研究表明,中药能通过调控mTOR等核心信号通路,在激活自噬性死亡的同时促进凋亡通路恢复,进而重塑肿瘤细胞对化疗的敏感性[25]。mTOR信号通路是细胞凋亡与自噬的共同调控枢纽,并在众多中西药联用增效机制中发挥着重要作用[26]。王丽等[10]发现,羟基红花黄色素A联合5-FU能上调自噬分子微管相关蛋白1轻链3 Ⅱ(microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 Ⅱ,LC3Ⅱ)和Beclin1的表达,下调Akt、mTOR磷酸化水平,表明其能通过抑制Akt/mTOR通路诱导结直肠癌细胞自噬。孙艳华等[11]发现,紫草素联合奥沙利铂能调控Bax/Bcl-2比值与cleaved caspase-3等凋亡蛋白酶水平,并提高HT29细胞凋亡率,直接诱导结直肠癌细胞凋亡。
1.3 逆转多药耐药状态
多药耐药是导致化疗疗效受限的重要原因,其发生机制错综复杂[27]。本文从以下4个方面归纳当前中药逆转耐药的研究进展:第一,耐药基因与信号通路作为上游,是中药干预的首要靶点;第二,代谢重编程为耐药进程提供能量支持,是重要阻断耐药发展的新兴研究方向;第三,肿瘤干细胞作为耐药发生的细胞学根源,其干性维持机制备受研究者关注;第四,EMT不仅是肿瘤侵袭转移的重要环节,也是耐药表型的重要组成部分[28]。这4个环节相互关联、层层递进,共同构成了中药逆转多药耐药的机制网络。
1.3.1 调控耐药基因表达与相关信号通路
DNA修复基因(如ERCC1)、非编码RNA(如miR-409-3p)与转运蛋白基因(如P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白1)的异常表达共同构成了耐药的上游分子事件,而这些基因的异常表达又常通过下游信号通路(如EGFR/Akt/mTOR、Wnt/β-catenin等)驱动耐药形成[29-30]。中药可多靶点干预这一环节,从源头上阻断耐药的发生。陆曲折等[12]发现,黄芪多糖能抑制miR-10b-5p基因在顺铂耐药结直肠癌细胞株中高表达,并上调AGPAT3,从而抑制耐药的发生。Han等[13]证实,姜黄素能介导miR-409-3p基因,进而下调ERCC1表达,同时抑制凋亡基因Survivin的mRNA及蛋白表达量,阻断结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂的耐药机制。王丽等[14]发现,白藜芦醇联合伊立替康可下调结直肠癌细胞中EGFR/Akt/mTOR通路的蛋白水平,并基于EGFR/Akt激活剂证实白藜芦醇能通过抑制该通路逆转耐药状态。
1.3.2 干预肿瘤细胞代谢重编程
代谢重编程是肿瘤细胞耐药的重要特征,其中的有氧糖酵解激活为耐药细胞增殖提供了代谢能量,而PKM2是有氧糖酵解参与肿瘤耐药机制的核心调控因子,研究表明,中药能通过干预PKM2等因子阻断耐药的能量代谢优势[31]。Wu等[15]发现,山奈酚能诱导miR-326过表达,抑制PKM2及异质核蛋白hnRNPA1、hnRNPA2和PTBP1表达,从而阻断有氧糖酵解进程,逆转结直肠癌5-FU耐药机制。
1.3.3 靶向清除肿瘤干细胞
肿瘤干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化的能力,其耐药特性是导致化疗失败与肿瘤复发的重要原因[32]。靶向清除肿瘤干细胞是当前耐药研究领域的热点,中药能有效诱导肿瘤干细胞走向凋亡,Su等[16]发现,姜黄素能下调肿瘤干细胞标志识别物CD44、CD133、EpCAM及CD24表达,并上调促凋亡蛋白cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-8和cleaved caspase-9及Bax水平,表明其能通过诱导干细胞凋亡以逆转伊立替康耐药。
1.3.4 阻断上皮间充质转化
肿瘤细胞通过下调E-cadherin表达、激活TGF-β/Smad通路等途径完成上皮间充质转化过程,获取干样特性与抗凋亡能力,从而逃避化疗药物的杀伤[33]。而中药能阻断EMT进程,恢复上皮细胞形态与功能,逆转耐药状态。Pan等[17]发现,氧化苦参碱联合多柔比星能上调E-cadherin和非红细胞型血影蛋白α 1(spectrin alpha,non-erythrocytic 1,SPTAN1)基因,下调N-cadherin和4个半LIM结构域蛋白2(four and a half LIM domains protein 2,FHL-2)基因,在抑制EMT进程的同时上调cleaved caspase-3/9和Bax/Bcl-2比值以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。Yin等[18]发现,姜黄素联合奥沙利铂能上调E-cadherin表达,下调磷酸化Smad2和Smad3因子,抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路异常激活,逆转EMT进程,恢复化疗敏感性。
1.4 重塑肿瘤免疫微环境
化疗药物在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时不可避免地损伤免疫应答,导致免疫抑制微环境,为肿瘤复发埋下隐患[34-35]。本文从固有免疫细胞功能低下、适应性免疫应答失衡、肠道菌群紊乱3个角度入手,梳理中药多靶点调控免疫微环境的相关研究。
1.4.1 激活固有免疫
固有免疫是机体抵御肿瘤的第一道防线,主要包括NK细胞、树突状细胞等细胞亚群,而化疗药物常抑制其免疫效能[36]。研究表明,中药有增强自然杀伤细胞毒性、诱导巨噬细胞M1型极化、催化树突状细胞抗原呈递等作用,从而恢复化疗后受损的免疫监视能力[37]。Deng等[19]发现,正元胶囊联合5-FU能提高CT26小鼠模型中的NK细胞比例,并增强其细胞毒性。Hao等[20]构建M2型巨噬细胞与HCT116细胞共培养模型,证实当归协同奥沙利铂能下调M2型巨噬细胞表面标志物Ki-67、MMP9和CD206水平,并诱导其向M1型极化。
1.4.2 恢复适应性免疫
适应性免疫在特异性识别与杀伤肿瘤细胞中发挥着重要作用,而化疗常引起T细胞耗竭、B细胞功能异常、PD-1/程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1)等免疫检查点过表达等现象,加剧肿瘤的免疫逃逸,研究证实,中药联合化疗能有效恢复适应性免疫应答,逆转免疫抑制状态[38]。王开平等[21]发现,参芪汤联合XELOX方案能调节特异性抗体IgA、IgG、IgM的水平,激活B淋巴细胞分化,改善机体体液免疫功能。Lee等[39]发现,生红豆提取物联合奥沙利铂能激活肿瘤浸润性CD8+ T细胞,清除人源程序性死亡配体1(human PD-L1,hPD-L1)MC38结直肠癌细胞,阻断PD-1/PD-L1介导的免疫抑制。
1.4.3 平衡肠道菌群-免疫轴
肠道菌群是机体最大的微生物生态系统,其动态平衡与肿瘤免疫功能密切相关,但化疗药物会降低双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等益生菌丰度,诱导肠杆菌、大肠杆菌等致病菌繁殖,破坏肠道屏障,干扰机体免疫稳态,相关研究证实中药能逆转化疗的负向调控,重塑肠道菌群免疫微环境[40]。程权等[22]临床研究发现,扶正康复合剂联合FOLFIRI方案可提高结直肠癌患者双歧杆菌、乳杆菌丰度,降低粪肠球菌、肠杆菌水平,同时上调CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平,调节白细胞介素(interleukin,IL) 1α、IL-1β、IL-6等炎症因子,提示其可通过调控肠道菌群-免疫轴改善化疗后的癌因性疲乏状态。
2 中药联合化疗药物减轻化疗毒性
化疗药物在清除肿瘤细胞的同时,常激活机体氧化应激与炎症反应,导致神经系统、造血系统、消化系统等多个靶器官毒性损伤,表现为周围神经损伤,骨髓抑制,胃肠道反应等[41]。而中药凭借其天然抗炎抗氧化成分,一方面能清除自由基,减轻机体氧化损伤,另一方面能抑制炎症因子释放、阻断炎症信号通路,实现对多器官的保护效应[42]。中药联合化疗药物减毒机制汇总见表2。
2.1 修复神经损伤
铂类、紫杉类等化疗药物能透过血-神经屏障,诱发神经炎症与氧化应激,破坏神经元结构与功能,引起手足麻木、感觉运动障碍等症状,而中药则能通过调控神经元兴奋性,修复化疗所致的神经损伤[49]。Yang等[43]在紫杉醇诱导的神经损伤模型中证实,熊果酸可通过激活PPARγ抑制CHOP表达,调控Bcl-2家族蛋白,减轻神经元凋亡与神经病理性疼痛,修复化疗所致周围神经损伤。Gu等[50]通过网络药理学分析发现,黄芪桂枝五物汤可通过63个活性成分作用于41个化疗相关性周围神经病变的相关靶点,其治疗机制主要涉及调控炎症反应与修复神经损伤。
2.2 促进骨髓造血功能恢复
骨髓抑制是化疗后常见的血液毒性,表现为白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板等外周血细胞减少,机体发生感染、贫血、出血等风险增高,其传统治疗方案多为升血药物,而升血药物多聚焦于单一外周血象的提升,难以从根本上恢复造血功能[51]。近年来,中药基于“脾肾同调,气血共生”理论打破该困境,展现出重塑骨髓造血微环境的潜力[52]。初秋博[44]发现,贞芪扶正颗粒能通过Nrf2/NF-κB信号通路发挥抗氧化活性,重建环磷酰胺损伤小鼠的造血功能。王若进等[45]发现,加减圣愈汤能加快化疗贫血患者的血红蛋白和血细胞压积恢复速度,改善疲劳、心悸、头晕、食欲不振等贫血相关症状,其机制可能与保护肾小管细胞,促进骨髓细胞增殖有关。
2.3 维护肠黏膜屏障完整性
肠黏膜屏障是机体抵御肠道病原体及毒素入侵的第一道防线,其完整性对维持肠道稳态至关重要。化疗药物如5-FU、伊立替康等可直接破坏肠上皮细胞连接结构,诱导肠道菌群紊乱与局部炎症反应[53]。中药能多途径缓解腹泻、腹痛等胃肠道毒性反应,保护肠黏膜屏障功能[54]。徐露等[46]发现,姜黄素能通过调控IL-6/STAT3通路,维持肠黏膜结构完整性,上调紧密连接蛋白:闭合蛋白(occludin)、密蛋白-1(claudin-1)及闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonula occludens-1,ZO-1),减轻5-FU诱导的肠黏膜损伤。周张杰等[47]发现,健脾固肠方能丰富结直肠癌FOLFOX化疗小鼠的肠道菌群多样性,富集其短链脂肪酸产生菌,通过菌群毒素代谢和脂肪酸生物合成等途径减轻化疗导致的胃肠道损伤。崔庆丽等[48]发现,人参健脾丸能降低伊立替康导致的迟发性腹泻的发生率、腹泻级别和血清炎症因子水平,同时改善结直肠癌化疗患者的肠道菌群结构。
2.4 其他
此外,中药协同化疗药物还具有降低肝肾功能损伤风险,提高生物利用度等优势,选择性保护正常组织,修复机体损伤,极大程度减轻了结直肠癌化疗患者的身心双重负荷[55-56]。
3 结语
本文系统梳理了近年来中药联合化疗药物治疗结直肠癌的相关研究,发现中药一方面能调控细胞周期进程、诱导自噬与凋亡、逆转多药耐药、重塑免疫微环境,直接或间接地增强化疗疗效;另一方面也能通过抗炎抗氧化机制,修复神经损伤、促进骨髓造血功能恢复、维护肠黏膜屏障完整性,从而发挥减毒效应。
尽管中西医药物联用领域应用前景广阔,但目前研究仍存在着诸多困境,主要表现在以下两大方面:一是中药制剂解析与应用的局限;二是对药物联用后体内药代动力学变化的研究匮乏[57]。当前关于中药联合化疗药物的研究多集中于药效学层面,而对体内药代动力学的变化关注不足[58]。中药能通过调控代谢酶、转运蛋白等途径,影响化疗药物的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程[59]。研究表明,适当的药物联用有助于提高化疗的生物利用度,减轻不良反应;而联用不当则可能导致血药浓度异常波动,影响化疗稳定[60]。因此,未来需构建中西药联用的药效与药代动力学双模型,借助质谱等检测技术,系统评估体内中药影响化疗药物的过程,为临床药物联用的安全性与精准性提供科学依据。
此外,多数中药自身仍存在着水溶性差、非特异性分布、接受障碍、监管困难等诸多问题[61-62]。近年来,新型递药系统的发展为中药实现现代化提供了技术平台,它将中药活性成分包载于纳米脂质体、聚合物胶束、外泌体等新型材料中,实现中药与化疗药物的靶向共递送[63]。其一方面改善了中药的溶解度与稳定性问题,延长循环时间,提高生物利用度;另一方面,调控了中药与化疗药物在肿瘤病灶的释放顺序与比例,更好地达到了协同增效的最佳窗口,同时减少了正常组织的暴露,降低化疗不良反应[64]。尽管新型递药系统为解决中药困境提供了新思路,但仍面临着制剂标准化、长期安全性评价、规模化生产等挑战[65]。未来需借助多组学分析、微流控芯片、类器官模型等技术阐明其多靶点机制,并开展大样本多中心临床试验,建立个体化用药方案,以推动中西医结合精准治疗结直肠癌的发展。
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