Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin secreted by gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which binds to follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) to stimulate follicle generation and sperm production. The lack of FSH or FSHR can lead to reduced sperm count in males and infertility and amenorrhea in females. With the continuous deepening of research, the FSH/FSHR signaling pathways have also been constantly improved. In addition to the classic cyclic adenosine monophosphate dependent signaling pathway, there are also β-inhibitory protein dependent pathways and other pathways. There is a balance between different conformations of FSHR, and the bias of conformations can affect its signal transduction. The categories of biased signals are also being further studied. Meanwhile, FSH/FSHR can also provide new research ideas for the treatment and prevention of assisted reproduction, gonadal diseases, and even cancer. This article focuses on a review of the latest research progress on the relevant theories of FSH/FSHR and its association with diseases.

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