Objective To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of extracts from raw and steamed American ginseng on a model of myocardial injury in SD rats induced by isoprenaline hydrochloride (ISO).

Methods SD rats were divided into a normal control group, a model group, American ginseng high- and low-dose groups, and steamed American ginseng high- and low-dose groups, with 12 rats in each group. Except for the normal control group and the model group, all other groups were administered extracts of American ginseng or steamed American ginseng by gavage. The high-dose groups were administered by gavage at a crude drug dose of 12 g/(kg·d), and the low-dose groups were administered by gavage at a crude drug dose of 3 g/(kg·d), for 30 consecutive days. All treatment groups and the model group were subcutaneously injected with ISO to establish a myocardial injury model. Serum was collected, and the levels of four indicators, including cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK), were measured using ELISA kits. Myocardial tissue was collected and subjected to HE staining, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and Western Blot to detect the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and cysteine aspartate protease-3 (Caspase-3).

Results In the ISO model group, the heart mass index and serum levels of cTnT, CK, CK-MB, and AST in rats were significantly elevated; necrosis of myocardial tissue and excessive intercellular collagen deposition were observed; Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression was upregulated, while Bcl-2 expression was downregulated, indicating that the model was successfully established. Compared with the model group, the high-dose groups of American ginseng and steamed American ginseng showed significant protection against myocardial injury, while the low-dose groups showed alleviation of injury but with weaker effects; efficacy was dose-dependent. At the same dose, steamed American ginseng provided better protection against ISO-induced myocardial injury than raw American ginseng.

Conclusion Both raw and steamed American ginseng can protect against and improve ISO-induced myocardial damage by inhibiting apoptosis, with the steamed product showing greater efficacy than the raw product.

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