本文报告1例颅内肿瘤患者感染蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)的诊疗过程,收集43例已报道的蜡样芽孢杆菌导致中枢神经系统(CNS)感染的案例,同时复习国内外相关文献,对蜡样芽孢杆菌导致CNS感染的临床表现、治疗方案等进行分析,为临床治疗蜡样芽孢杆菌导致的CNS感染提供借鉴。该类感染在血液恶性肿瘤、早产儿、颅内恶性肿瘤、中心粒细胞减少症的患者中较为多见,应尽早选用万古霉素、美罗培南等敏感且易透过CNS的抗菌药物进行治疗。蜡样芽孢杆菌在临床常被当作污染菌,近年来其导致的感染案例报道越来越多。在易感人群中应高度警惕,尽早开始经验治疗,以改善预后。
蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus, B. cereus)是一种需氧(或兼性厌氧)、运动、芽孢形成的革兰氏阳性菌,其广泛分布于土壤、灰尘、空气、污染物和水中,当从血液和其他生物样本中提取出来时,经常被当作污染菌。近年来,B. cereus导致患者患上暴发性菌血症、眼内炎、尿路感染、皮肤感染等的趋势增加,但B. cereus导致中枢神经系统感染(central nervous system,CNS)的案例较为少见,尤其是国内相关文献较少。本文报道1例B. cereus导致CNS感染的案例,同时对相关文献进行复习,期望为日后B. cereus感染治疗提供参考。本研究经重庆市第五人民医院伦理委员会批准(批件号:2024CQSDWRMYYEC-003)并获得患者知情同意。
1 病例资料
患者,女,52岁,因“头痛伴言语不清1月”入院,否认“高血压、糖尿病”等病史。体格检查:体温36.5 ℃,脉搏71次/min,呼吸20次/ min,血压110/53 mmHg。专科检查:神志清楚,查体合作,脑膜刺激征阴性。查头颅MRI示:左侧额顶叶片状结节影,完善相关检查后入院,第6天神经导航下行“左侧额顶叶肿瘤显微切除术+硬脑膜切开术+硬脑膜修补术+颅骨重建术”,给予注射用头孢呋辛1.5 g,ivgtt,tid预防感染。3 d后患者意识反应变差,头颅CT提示术区脑水肿较前加重,中线移位,行开颅探查+去骨瓣减压术,术后使用注射用万古霉素1 g,ivgtt,q12h预防颅内感染。17 d后患者精神、睡眠尚可,无发热等症状,复查MRI可见左侧额叶5.5 cm×6.5 cm囊性病变,3 d后行囊肿经皮穿刺引流术,引出淡黄色液体。术后第2天患者意识较前稍好转,可配合睁闭眼,无发热,脑脊液宏基因组测序:B. cereus,序列数2,考虑污染。2 d后患者左侧肢体可配合活动,不能言语,呕吐1次,非喷射性,其他无特殊。5 d后患者神志清楚,不能言语,无发热等症状,复查CT回示颅内囊肿仍较大,较前未见明显好转,考虑穿刺无效,于是全麻下行“内镜下囊肿腔冲洗+OMMAYA囊植入术”,术中见脓肿腔内大量乳白色略粘稠液体,术后血常规指标正常,血小板压积0.14 ng/mL,因患者颅内脓肿遂给予注射用万古霉素1 g,ivgtt,q12h+注射用美罗培南2 g,ivgtt,q8h抗感染治疗。脓液宏基因组测序:B. cereus,序列数25条,结合患者脓性分泌物特点,2次样本检测出同一株细菌,考虑B. cereus为致病菌可能,经查阅既往B. cereus导致颅内感染治疗方案选择的文献,目前方案能覆盖该菌,故继续治疗。30 d后患者病情稳定,偶感头昏,脓肿基本消除,遂予出院,带药利奈唑胺片继续治疗。
患者样本宏基因组高通量测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing,mNGS)结果、抗感染治疗方案及感染指标检测结果分别见表1~表3。
2 文献复习
通过PubMed、CNKI和万方数据库对B. cereus导致的CNS感染进行文献搜索。选择建库至2023年12月31日关键词为“蜡样芽孢杆菌+脑”“蜡样芽孢杆菌+中枢神经”“蜡样芽孢杆菌+颅内”的案例,最终纳入33篇文献,包含43例患者病历资料(表4)。其中男性患者19例(44.19%)、女性患者16例(37.21%)、早产儿8例(18.60%),B. cereus导致CNS感染的主要易感因素包括血液系统恶性肿瘤23例(53.49%)及早产儿8例(18.60%),其他包括颅内恶性肿瘤2例(4.65%)、中性粒细胞减少症2例(4.65%)、再生障碍性贫血1例(2.33%)等。临床表现主要包括发热、癫痫、意识改变等常见的CNS感染特征。影像学表现多样,脓肿最为常见,共25例(58.14%),其他包括脑实质内出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、炎性病变、弥漫性脑水肿等。药物治疗过程中万古霉素是使用最广泛的抗菌药物,共有29例(67.44%),根据抗菌谱,还使用了其他抗菌药物,如碳青霉烯类17例(39.53%)、氨基糖苷类8例(18.60%)、喹诺酮类6例(13.95%)以及氯霉素4例(9.30%)等。所有案例最终治愈24例(55.81%),死亡19例(44.19%)。在收集的43例患者中,使用单药治疗共8例(18.60%),其中5例使用万古霉素(占单药治疗的62.50%),单药治疗最终治愈4例,死亡4例,死亡率50.00%。联合用药治疗共31例(72.09%),其中万古霉素联合美罗培南治疗共15例(占联合用药治疗48.39%),联合用药治疗最终治愈20例,死亡11例,死亡率35.48%。因此联合用药治疗可能会获得更好的临床治疗结局。但因样本量小,该结论还需进一步证实。本文报道案例为52岁女性患者,颅内肿瘤术后感染,影像学亦有脓肿表现,脓液mNGS检测结果为B. cereus,结合已报道案例抗感染治疗方案,选择万古霉素联合美罗培南抗感染治疗,27 d后患者病情稳定,获得了较好的治疗结果。
3 讨论
B. cereus广泛分布在自然界中,是一种重要的食源性致病菌,故当从胃肠道外的生物样本中提取出B. cereus时常被当作污染菌,易被忽视。但在过去的40年里,B. cereus越来越多地被认为是胃肠道外潜在致命的系统性感染的原因,尤其是在免疫抑制的患者中,B.cereus会导致严重感染 [34]。血管内导管、开放性伤口和被污染的耗材是B. cereus感染的主要医疗环境来源,其会导致暴发性菌血症、CNS感染、眼内炎[35]、骨髓炎[36]、尿路感染[37]、皮肤感染[38]、心内膜炎[39]和肺脓肿[40]等。
本文主要总结了B. cereus导致CNS感染的临床特点及治疗,目前国内报道的相关案例并不多见,国外自1981年报道以来,案例逐年增多。B. cereus导致CNS感染临床表现为常见颅内感染特征,如发热、意识改变、癫痫发作等,临床影像表现多样,包括多发脓肿、脑膜炎、脑水肿、实质内、蛛网膜下腔出血等。感染通常发生在宿主防御机制缺陷的患者,在已报道的43例感染患者中血液系统恶性肿瘤(占比53.49%)、早产儿(占比18.60%)是两个最主要的易感因素,本文报道的案例与上述临床表现及易感人群基本一致。有研究发现,接受诱导化疗的血液系统恶性肿瘤患者中性粒细胞减少≥10 d,感染可导致数天内死亡,死亡率为79%[41]。鉴于感染与血液肿瘤的高度共存,部分作者提出化疗药物(如阿糖胞苷)引起的粘膜间隙可能是细菌进入血液的入口点;另一方面,B. cereus产生生物膜,其容易附着在装置的表面上,如静脉注射或心室腹腔分流 [3],细菌可以从这些表面释放到血液中并扩散到脑及远处的器官。本文报道案例为多次颅内术后患者,Saigal等[8]研究表明,在术后医院获得性菌血症和伤口感染中B. cereus有可能被感染,该患者并无血培养阳性结果,因此手术开放性伤口可能是B. cereus感染入口。目前对B. cereus导致CNS感染尚无标准的治疗建议,B. cereus具有β内酰胺酶基因,可编码β内酰胺酶,因此对于青霉素、头孢菌素等β内酰胺类抗菌药物天然耐药[42]。体外实验发现,B. cereus分离株对万古霉素、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类、克林霉素、氯霉素和红霉素等均较敏感[43],但综合成功治愈的报道案例发现,万古霉素联合美罗培南为首选方案。在收集的43例患者中,使用万古霉素共29 例(67.44%)、碳青霉烯类17例(39.53%),研究表明在脑膜炎患者中万古霉素的脑脊液渗透率范围为0.06~0.81,脑室炎为0.05~0.17,其他感染为0~0.36,未感染患者为0~0.13,尽管脑脊液渗透程度不同,但83%的脑膜炎患者和100%的脑室炎患者获得了临床治愈[44],而术后颅内感染和社区获得性脑膜炎患者的脑脊液万古霉素穿透情况相似[45],因此万古霉素用于本文报道的案例时可能会有一个相对较高的渗透率。Zhang等 [46]研究发现,外科术后患者血脑屏障被破坏,药代动力学结果与普通人不同,可能需要更短给药间隔、更长的输注时间、更高的剂量才能达到并维持有效的美罗培南治疗浓度,而对于神经外科术后颅内感染患者,其对脑脊液的渗透数据尚不充分。本文报道的案例经验选择万古霉素联合美罗培南全疗程抗感染治疗,得到了较好的治疗结果。颅内感染一般治疗疗程较长,脑膜炎患者可以接受较短的疗程治疗(4~6周)。然而,那些有包膜脓肿、组织坏死、未引流脓肿、重要部位病变和免疫功能低下的患者需要6~8周或更长时间;对于有手术引流的患者,所需疗程可能更短(3~4周) [47]。在已报道的43例感染患者中,Homma等[1]报道的1例2岁女性B细胞急性淋巴细胞白血病患者,使用万古霉素联合美罗培南治疗疗程长达165 d,而大部分治疗疗程为4~8周,本文报道的案例抗生素治疗4周后病情稳定,偶感头昏,脓肿基本消除,取得了较好的治疗结局。
综上所述,B. cereus临床常被当作污染菌,但近年来其导致的CNS感染报道越来越多,多见于血液恶性肿瘤、早产儿、颅内恶性肿瘤、中心粒细胞减少等患者。故对该类患者应高度警惕,并及时使用相关抗菌药物治疗,这对改善预后至关重要。
1.Homma S, Funakoshi H, Yokokawa Y, et al. Pediatric bacillus cereus brain abscesses treated with combination therapy[J]. Pediatr Int, 2023, 65(1): e15531. DOI: 10.1111/ped.15531.
2.Schoenfeld D, Lee D, Arrington JA, et al. Bacillus cereus bacteremia complicated by brain abscess in a severely immunocompromised patient: addressing importance of early recognition and challenges in diagnosis[J]. IDCases, 2022, 29: e01525. DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01525.
3.Herrera MRM, González-Urdiales P, Zubizarreta-Zamalloa A, et al. Central nervous system infection by bacillus cereus: a case report and literature review[J]. Rev Neurol, 2022, 75(8): 239-245. DOI: 10.33588/rn.7508.2021412.
4.Nukui J, Tanaka M, Nakajima H. A case of multiple brain abscesses due to bacillus cereus during induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Int J Hematol, 2021, 114(6): 637-638. DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03226-3.
5.Koizumi Y, Okuno T, Minamiguchi H, et al. Survival of a case of bacillus cereus meningitis with brain abscess presenting as immune reconstitution syndrome after febrile neutropenia a case report and literature review[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2020, 20(1): 15. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4753-1.
6.Samarasekara H, Janto C, Dasireddy V, et al. Bacillus cereus bacteraemia complicated by a brain abscess in a pre-termneonate[J]. AccessMicrobiol, 2019, 2(2): acmi000080. DOI: 10.1099/acmi. 0.00008.
7.Brouland JP, Sala N, Tusgul S, et al. Bacillus cereus bacteremia with central nervous system involvement: a neuropathological study[J]. Clin Neuropathol, 2018, 37(1): 22-27. DOI: 10.5414 /NP 301041.
8.Saigal K, Gautam V, Singh G, et al. Bacillus cereus causing intratumoral brain abscess[J]. Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2016, 59(4): 554-556. DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.191799.
9.Melmed K, Kavi T. Teaching neuroimages: diffuse cerebral vasospasm and multiple intracranial abscesses from bacillus cereus[J]. Neurology, 2016, 87(9): e97-e98. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003046.
10.Vodopivec I, Rinehart EM, Griffin GK, et al. A cluster of CNS infections due to B. cereus in the setting of acute myeloid leukemia: neuropathology in 5 patients[J]. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 2015, 74(10): 1000-1011. DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0000000000000244.
11.Dabscheck G, Silverman L, Ullrich NJ. Bacillus cereus cerebral abscess during induction chemotherapy for childhood acute leukemia[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2015, 37(7): 568-569. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000413.
12.Ugai T, Matsue K. Association between neutropenia and brain abscess due to Bacillus cereus bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2014, 55(12): 2947-2949. DOI: 10.3109/10428194. 2014.904510.
13.Hansford JR, Phillips M, Cole C, et al. Bacillus cereus bacteremia and multiple brain abscesses during acute lymphoblastic leukemia induction therapy[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2014, 36(3): e197-e201. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e31828e5455.
14.Stevens MP, Elam K, Bearman G. Meningitis due to bacillus cereus: a case report and review of the literature[J]. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 2012, 23(1): e16-e19. DOI: 10.1155/2012/609305.
15.Drazin D, Lehman D, Danielpour M. Successful surgical drainage and aggressive medical therapy in a preterm neonate with Bacillus cereus meningitis[J]. Pediatr Neurosurg, 2010, 46(6): 466-471. DOI: 10.1159/ 000325073.
16.Nishikawa T, Okamoto Y, Tanabe T, et al. Critical illness polyneuropathy after bacillus cereus sepsis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Intern Med, 2009, 48(13): 1175-1177. DOI: 10.2169/ internalmedicine.48.1977.
17.Manickam N, Knorr A, Muldrew KL. Neonatal meningoencephalitis caused by bacillus cereus[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2008, 27(9): 843-846. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31816feec4.
18.Kuwabara H, Kawano T, Tanaka M, et al. Cord blood transplantation after successful treatment of brain abscess caused by bacillus cereus in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Rinsho Ketsueki, 2006, 47(11): 1463-1468. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17176890/.
19.Lequin MH, Vermeulen JR, Elburg RM, et al. Bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis in preterm infants: neuroimaging characteristics[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2005, 26(8): 2137-2143. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.05.015.
20.Almeida SM, Teive HA, Brandi I, et al. Fatal bacillus cereus meningitis without inflammatory reaction in cerebral spinal fluid after bone marrow transplantation[J]. Transplantation, 2003, 76(10): 1533-1534. DOI: 10.1097/01.TP.0000079251.82361.99.
21.Leonard E, Sidi V, Tsivitanidou M, et al. Brain abscesses resulting from bacillus cereus and an aspergillus-like mold[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2002, 24(7): 569-571. DOI: 10.1097/ 00043426-200210000-00016.
22.Mori T, Tokuhira M, Takae Y, et al. Successful non-surgical treatment of brain abscess and necrotizing fasciitis caused by bacillus cereus[J]. Intern Med, 2002, 41(8): 671-673. DOI: 10.2169/ internalmedicine.41.671.
23.Sakai C, Iuchi T, Ishii A, et al. Bacillus cereus brain abscesses occurring in a severely neutropenic patient: successful treatment with antimicrobial agents, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and surgical drainage[J]. Intern Med, 2001, 40(7): 654-657. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.40.654.
24.Chu WP, Que TL, Lee WK, et al. Meningoencephalitis caused by Bacillus cereus in a neonate[J]. Hong Kong Med J, 2001, 7(1): 89-92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11406681/.
25.Motoi N, Ishida T, Nakano I, et al. Necrotizing bacillus cereus infection of the meninges without inflammatory reaction in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia: a case report[J]. Acta Neuropathol, 1997, 93(3): 301-305. DOI: 10.1007/s004010050618.
26.Marley EF, Saini NK, Venkatraman C, et al. Fatal bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis in an adult with acute myelogenous leukemia[J]. South Med J, 1995, 88(9): 969-972. DOI: 10.1097/ 00007611-199509000-00017.
27.Patrick CC, Langston C, Baker CJ. Bacillus species infections in neonates[J]. Rev Infect Dis, 1989, 11(4): 612-615. DOI: 10.1093/clinids/11.4.612.
28.Jenson HB, Levy SR, Duncan C, et al. Treatment of multiple brain abscesses caused by bacillus cereus[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1989, 8(11): 795-798. DOI: 10.1097/00006454-198911000-00013.
29.Garcia I, Fainstein V, McLaughlin P. Bacillus cereus meningitis and bacteremia associated with an Ommaya reservoir in a patient with lymphoma[J]. South Med J, 1984, 77(7): 928-929. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-198407000-00036.
30.Berke E, Collins WF, von Graevenitz A, et al. Fulminant postsurgical Bacillus cereus meningitis: case report[J]. J Neurosurg, 1981, 55(4): 637-639. DOI: 10.3171/jns.1981.55.4.0637.
31.姚国杰, 龚杰, 李成才, 等. 内外科联合治愈颈部开放性损伤致颅内芽孢杆菌感染一例[C]. 南京: 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会第六届全国代表大会论文汇编, 2011: 337-339.
32.谢威, 高世超, 曹敬荣, 等. 蜡样芽孢杆菌引起化脓性脑膜炎的病原学检测及文献复习[J]. 检验医学与临床, 2016, 13(14): 2069-2071. [Xie W, Gao SC, Cao JR, et al. Pathogenic detection and literature review of suppurative meningitis caused by Bacillus cereus[J]. Laboratory Medicine and Clinical, 2016, 13(14): 2069-2071.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-9455.2016.14.069.
33.王阳, 王子凡, 张静铮, 等. 恶性血液病患者合并蜡样芽孢杆菌感染致多发脓肿1例并文献复习[J]. 中国感染与化疗杂志, 2022, 22(6): 721-724. [Wang Y, Wang ZF, Zhang JZ, et al. Multiple abscesses caused by Bacillus cereus infection in a patient with hematologic malignancy: a case report and literature review[J]. Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 2022, 22(6): 721-724.] DOI: 10.16718/j.1009-7708.2022.06.011.
34.Inoue D, Nagai Y, Mori M, et al. Fulminant sepsis caused by bacillus cereus in patients with hematologic malignancies: analysis of its prognosis and risk factors[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2010, 51(5): 860-869. DOI: 10.3109/10428191003713976.
35.Liu F, Kwok AKH, Cheung bMY. The efcacy of intravit real vancomycin and dexamethasone in the treatment of experimental bacillus cereus endophthalmitis[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2008, 33(9): 761-768. DOI: 10.1080/02713680802344690.
36.Lede I, Vlaar A, Roosendaal R, et al. Fatal outcome of Bacillus cereus septicaemia[J]. Neth J Med, 2011, 69(11): 514-516. https://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?id=1122.
37.Sato K, Ichiyama S, Ohmura M, et al. A case of urinary tract infection caused by Bacillus cereus[J]. J Infect, 1998, 36(2): 247-248. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(98)80032-7.
38.Boulinguez S, Viraben R. Cutaneous Bacillus cereus infection in an immunocompetent patient[J]. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2002, 47(2): 324-325. DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2002.121349.
39.Nallarajah J, Mujahieth MI. Bacillus cereus subacute native valve infective endocarditis and its multiple complications[J]. Case Rep Cardiol, 2020, 2020: 8826956. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8826956.
40.江瑾, 林慧, 王芳. 1例蜡样芽孢杆菌肺脓肿患者的抗感染治疗[J].药物流行病学杂志, 2023, 32(4): 466-470. [Jin J, Hui L, Fang W. Anti-infective treatment of Bacillus cereus pulmonary abscess in a patient[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology, 2023, 32(4): 466-470. DOI: 10.19960/j.issn.1005-0698. 202304012.
41.Koizumi Y, Okuno T, Minamiguchi H, et al. Survival of a case of Bacillus cereus meningitis with brain abscess presenting as immune reconstitution syndrome after febrile neutropenia-a case report and literature review[J]. BMC Infect Dis, 2020, 20(1): 15. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4753-1.
42.Veysseyre F, Fourcade C, Lavigne JP, et al. Bacillus cereus infection: 57 case patients and a literature review[J]. Med Mal Infect, 2015, 45(11-12): 436-440. DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2015.09.011.
43.Schoenfeld D, Lee D, Arrington JA, et al. Bacillus cereus bacteremia complicated by brain abscess in a severely immunocompromised patient: addressing importance of early recognition and challenges in diagnosis[J]. IDCases, 2022, 29: e01525. DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01525.
44.Beach JE, Perrott J, Turgeon RD, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into the cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 2017, 56(12): 1479-1490. DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0548-y.
45.Cai Y, Zhou L, Wang H, et al. Comparation of vancomycin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in postoperative intracranial infection and community-acquired meningitis patients[J]. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2019, 44(2): 216-219. DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12770.
46.Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen Y, et al. Evaluation of meropenem penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in patients with meningitis after neurosurgery[J]. World Neurosurg, 2017, 98: 525-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.11.040.
47.Brook I. Microbiology and treatment of brain abscess[J]. J Clin Neurosci, 2017, 38: 8-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.035.