Since ancient times, wine has been known as the "king of a hundred medicines". This study comprehensively introduced the origin and development of wine and its application in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), summarized the development process of wine and its applications in TCM processing, making wine preparation, guiding and administering Chinese medicine as medicine enhancer, and decocting Chinese medicine as solvent, which also defined that  the wine used in TCM was mainly yellow rice wine (rice wine). In addition, the modern research of rice wine was summarized in order to provide the basis for the modern application and development of wine.

1.王贵玉. 中华酒魂——谈中国酿酒技艺传承和创新发展（下）[J]. 酿酒, 2022, 49(1): 2-4, 11. [Wang GY. The soul of Chinese liquor-on the inheritance and innovative development of chinese brewing techniques (part 2)[J]. Liquor Making, 2022, 49(1): 2-4, 11.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8110.2022.01.002.

2.陈洪波. 中国酿酒起源考古研究综述[J]. 南方文物, 2020, (6): 102-108. [Chen HB. A review of archaeological research on the origin of Chinese brewing[J]. Cultural Relics in Southern China, 2020, (6): 102-108.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6275.2020.06.014.

3.叶子婧. 新石器时代酿造酒研究的学术史回顾[D]. 福建厦门: 厦门大学, 2021.

4.明·李时珍, 著. 本草纲目(上册)[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1982: 1181.

5.汉·许慎, 著. 说文解字[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2013: 642.

6.宋·李昉, 著. 太平御览[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1960: 866.

7.石俊,王旭亮,于佳俊,等. 中国酿造酒及蒸馏酒起源分析研究[J]. 酿酒科技, 2022, (12): 121-128. [Shi J, Wang XL, Yu JJ, et al. Origin of Chinese fermented wines and distilled spirits[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2022, (12): 121-128.] DOI: 10.13746/j.njkj.2022096.

8.谢广发. 古代黄酒制曲与酿造技术[J]. 酿酒科技, 2008, (6): 86-88. [Xie GF. Starter-making & brewing techniques for yellow rice wine in ancient China[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2018, (6): 86-88.]DOI: CNKI:SUN:NJKJ.0.2008-06-021.

9.明·宋应星, 注. 潘吉星, 译注. 天工开物译注[M]. 上海: 上海古籍出版社, 1992: 306.

10.张学君. 唐宋时期的蜀中酿酒业——从“剑南之烧春”谈起[J]. 文史杂志, 2021, (4): 69-74. [Zhang XJ. The Liquor industry in Sichuan during the Tang and Song dynasties: starting from "Burning Spring in Jiannan"[J].Journal of Literature and History, 2021, (4): 69-74.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6903.2021.04.017.

11.王政军. 中国古代酒曲制造发展简述[J]. 酿酒科技, 2016, (1): 107-109, 115. [Wang ZJ. Brief introduction to the development of the production technology of liquor starter in ancient China[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2016, (1): 107-109, 115.] DOI: 10.13746/j.njkj.2015348.

12.曹福臣,贺天平. 药用曲的发展历史及其当代价值 [J].医学与哲学, 2022, 43(21): 73-76, 80. [Cao FC, He TP. The development history and contemporary value of medicinal yeast[J]. Medicine & Philosophy, 2022, 43(21): 73-76, 80.] DOI: 10.12014/j.issn.1002-0772.2022.21.16.

13.信春晖,孟庆尧,陈洪海. 中华酒文化探源——《齐民要术》中的制曲酿酒术[J]. 酿酒科技, 2021, (1): 114-119. [Xin CH, Meng QY, Chen HH. On the sources of Chinese wine culture based on Qimin Yaoshu[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2021, (1): 114-119.] DOI: 10.13746/j.njkj.2020208.

14.王赛时. 论中国酿酒的始源问题[J]. 衡水学院学报, 2020, 22(1): 13-21. [Wang SS. On the origin of Chinese winemaking[J]. Journal of Hengshui University, 2020, 22(1): 13-21.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2065. 2020.01.03.

15.秦睿阳,李沛祺,高宇宸,等. 中国蒸馏技术与蒸馏酒起源的探究分析[J]. 酿酒科技, 2022, (10): 116-123. [Qin RY, Li PQ, Gao YC, et al. An Exploratory analysis of Chinese distillation technology and the origin of distilled liquor[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2022, (10): 116-123.] DOI:  10.13746/j.njkj.2022125.

16.范文来. 我国古代烧酒(白酒)起源与技术演变[J]. 酿酒, 2020, 47(4): 121-125. [Fan WL. The origin and technology evolution of ancient Shaojiu (Chinese liquor) in China[J]. Liquor Making, 2020, 47(4): 121-125.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-8110.2020.04.033.

17.马勇,王贵玉,熊小毛. 行业盛会历史丰碑——第五届全国评酒会综述[J]. 酿酒科技, 2019, (5): 17-21. [Ma Y, Wang GY, Xiong XM. Review on the 5th national Baijiu evaluation conference[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2019, (5): 17-21.] DOI: 10.13746/j.njkj.2019096.

18.董燕,杨光,张卫,等. 黄酒在古代医籍中的养生之用[J]. 中国食品药品监管, 2023, (1): 132-141. [Dong Y, Yang G, Zhang W, et al. Rice wine for health preservation in ancient medical books[J]. China Food & Drug Administration Magazine, 2023, (1): 132-141.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5390.2023.01.015.

19.金少英, 编纂. 汉书食货志集释[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2017: 106.

20.郭霭春, 编纂. 黄帝内经素问校注[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017: 133.

21.明·陈嘉谟, 著. 本草蒙筌[M]. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2021: 205.

22.南北朝·陶弘景, 著. 名医别录[M]. 北京: 中国中医药出版社, 2013: 170.

23.唐·孟诜, 著. 食疗本草[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1984: 15.

24.唐·孙思邈,著. 千金食治[M]. 北京: 中国商业出版社, 1985: 64.

25.明·李时珍,著. 本草纲目[M]. 北京: 学苑出版社, 1992: 1292-1299.

26.裴丽丽,周义凡. 中国“白酒”内涵演变探微 [J]. 美食研究, 2023, 40(1): 11-17. [Pei LL, Zhou YF. About connotation evolution of Chinese Baijiu[J]. Journal of Researches on Dietetic Science and Culture, 2023, 40(1): 11-17.] DOI: 10.19913/j.cnki.2095-8730msyj.2023.01.02.

27.翁倩倩,赵佳琛,金艳,等. 酒及经典名方中酒制方法的考证与梳理[J]. 中国现代中药, 2021, 23(2): 202-217. [Weng QQ, Zhao JC, Jin Y, et al. Herbal textual research on classical prescription of medicinal alcoholic beverage[J]. Modern Chinese Medicine, 2021, 23(2): 202-217.] DOI: 10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890.20200422007.

28.唐·苏敬, 著. 新修本草[M]. 上海: 上海卫生出版社, 1951: 278.

29.杨军,杨文韬,陈丽名,等. 《伤寒杂病论》用酒探析 [J]. 现代中医药, 2023, 43(6): 18-21. [Yang J, Yang WT, Chen LM, et al. Analysis on the use of wine in Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases[J]. Modern Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2023, 43(6): 18-21.] DOI: 10.13424/j.cnki.mtcm.2023.06.004.

30.王赛时, 主编. 中国酒史(插图版)[M]. 济南: 山东画报出版社, 2018: 71.

31.顾羽,何清湖,陈小平,等. 马王堆医书中酒剂的医学应用[J]. 湖南中医药大学学报, 2023, 43(7): 1268-1272. [Gu Y, He QH, Chen XP, et al. Medical application of medicated wine in Mawangdui medical books[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine University of Hunan, 2023, 43(7): 1268-1272.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-070X.2023.07.018.

32.马继兴, 编纂. 神农本草经辑注[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1951: 329.

33.常佳怡,候晓宇,黄欢,等. 张仲景用“酒”探析[J]. 江苏中医药, 2017, 49(5): 8-10. [Chang JY, Hou XY, Huang H, et al. Zhang Zhongjing's analysis of "wine"[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 49(5): 8-10.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-397X.2017.05.003.

34.张卫,张瑞贤. 《雷公炮炙论》药物炮制辅料考[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2010, 35(18): 2493-2496. [Zhang W, Zhang RX. Study on processing adjuvant medicines in Lei Gong's treatise on preparation and broiling of materia medica (Leigong Paozhi Lun)[J]. Chinese Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2010, 35(18): 2493-2496.] DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20101828.

35.中国药典2020年版. 四部[S]. 2020: 27, 31.

36.盛政,赵焕君,何紫涵,等. 酒制升提理论的形成发展和临床应用[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2020, 16(11): 198-201. [Sheng Z, Zhao HJ, He ZH, et al. Development and clinical application of the theory of rising and lifting in wine processing system[J]. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine, 2020, 16(11): 198-201.] DOI: 10.11954/ytctyy.202011059.

37.郭玲燕,魏永利,吴芳,等. 酒制黄连的研究进展[J]. 中国药房, 2019, 30(22): 3164-3168. [Guo LY, Wei YL, Wu F, et al. Research progress of wine-processed coptidis rhizoma[J]. Chinese Pharmacy, 2019, 30(22): 3164-3168.]DOI: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2019.22.28.

38.应金琴,袁恩,张金莲,等. 乌梢蛇酒炙矫臭原理研究[J]. 中药材, 2021, 44(8): 1856-1863. [Ying JQ, Yuan E, Zhang JL, et al. Study on the principle of deodorization of snake[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2021, 44(8): 1856-1863.] DOI: 10.13863/j.issn1001-4454. 2021.08.013.

39.白亚亚,张桥,程鸿俊,等. 酒制对“寒性”中药影响的研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2023, 54(17): 5773-5785. [Bai YY, Zhang Q, Cheng HJ, et al. Research progress on effect of processing with wine on "cold property" traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2023, 54(17): 5773-5785.] DOI: 10.7501/j.issn. 0253-2670.2023.17.030.

40.欧则民,李新健,张冰冰,等. 中药酒制法的研究现状及展望[J]. 中华中医药学刊, 2021, 39(12): 28-32. [Ou ZM, Li XJ, Zhang BB, et al. Research status and prospect of Chinese medicine wine processing[J]. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2021, 39(12): 28-32.] DOI: 10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2021.12.006.

41.白宇明,郝近大. 芍药的炮制历史沿革与古方中芍药给付品种相关性研究[J]. 西部中医药, 2017, 30(7): 138-142. [Bai YM, Hao JD. Study on the correlation between Processing historical evolution and varieties of peony allocations in ancient prescriptions[J]. Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2017, 30(7): 138-142.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6852.2017.07.040.

42.肖媛. 论商周祭酒中的“鬯”[J]. 今古文创, 2021, (20): 62-63. [Xiao Y. On Chang in Shang and Zhou sacrificial wine[J]. JinGu Creative Literature, 2021, (20): 62-63.] DOI: 10.20024/j.cnki.cn42-1911/i.2021.20.025.

43.丁艳,郑小伟. 浅析《黄帝内经》《伤寒杂病论》酒之论[J]. 浙江中医药大学学报, 2019, 43(3): 219-221, 231. [Ding Y, Zheng XW. A brief analysis of the discussion on wine in Neijing and Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 2019, 43(3): 219-221, 231.] DOI: 10.16466/j.issn1005-5509.2019.03.003.

44.张尚华,谭英,刘珍,等. 马王堆医书方药研究述评[J]. 湖南中医杂志, 2022, 38(8): 191-196. [Zhang SH, Tan Y, Liu Z, et al. Research review of mawangdui medical books and prescriptions[J]. Hunan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2022, 38(8): 191-196.] DOI: 10.16808/j.cnki.issn1003-7705.2022.08.042.

45.南北朝·陶弘景, 著. 尚志钧, 尚元胜. 辑校. 本草经集注[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 1994: 324.

46.苏礼. 《千金方》酒剂初探[J]. 陕西中医, 1987, (3): 99-100. [Su L. A preliminary study on Thousand Golden Prescriptions liquor[J]. Shaanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1987(3): 99-100.] https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-SXZY198703001.htm.

47.丁娟,李文林,陈涤平. 《太平圣惠方》中酒剂的应用与现代研究价值简析[J]. 辽宁中医药大学学报, 2013, 15(10): 140-141. [Ding J, Li WL, Chen DP. Application and modern studies value of vinum in benevolent prescriptions in peaceful holy[J]. Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2013, 15(10): 140-141.] DOI: 10.13194/j.issn.1673-842x.2013.10.069.

48.王明军,张伟云,王青. 《本草纲目》中酒的造酿文化探析[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2019, 15(9): 205-207. [Wang MJ, Zhang WY, Wang Q. Exploration and analysis on brewing culture of wine in compendium of materia medica[J]. Asia-Pacific Traditional Medicine, 2019, 15(9): 205-207.] DOI: 10.11954/ytctyy.201909064.

49.明·龚廷贤, 著. 万病回春[M]. 北京: 中国中医药出版社, 2019: 465.

50.唐颂, 阮仕立. 保健酒对中医药五种资源的开发和利用[J]. 酿酒科技, 2022, (5): 133. [Tang S, Ruan SL. Application of traditional Chinese medicine resources in healthcare liqueur[J]. Liquor-Making Science & Technology, 2022, (5): 133.] DOI: 10.13746/j.njkj.2021293.

51.李雅新,梁慧珍,张文生,等. 保健酒制作工艺的研究进展[J]. 中国酿造, 2022, 41(5): 23-27. [Li YX, Liang HZ, Zhang WS, et al. Research progresson health wine production technology[J]. Chinese Brewing, 2022, 41(5): 23-27.] DOI: 10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2022.05.005.

52.呼倩钰. 保健酒安全与质量控制的实践方法探讨[J]. 食品安全导刊, 2020, (18): 34. [Hu QY. Discussion on the practice method of safety and quality control of health wine[J]. China Food Safety Magazine, 2020, (18): 34.] DOI: 10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2020.18.031.

53.白家莹,陈莹,李倩,等. 中医药典籍中丸散剂的特殊送服法的运用分析[J]. 中医药导报, 2021, 27(10): 211-214. [Bai JY, Chen Y, Li Q, et al. Analysis of the application of the special delivery method of pill powder in TCM classics[J]. Guiding Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, 2021, 27(10): 211-214.] DOI: 10.13862/j.cnki.cn43-1446/r.2021.10.050.

54.王珊珊,周文静,周然. 《太平惠民和剂局方》中酒的应用[J]. 中医临床研究, 2019, 11(33): 130-133. [Wang SS, Zhou WJ, Zhou R. Application of liquor in Taiping Huimin Drug Dispensary[J]. Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine, 2019, 11(33): 130-133.] DOI: CNKI: SUN:ZYLY.0.2019-33-058.

55.李嘉昕,张铁甲,李晶芳,等. 引药达所, 中药的“向导”——药引的研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2023, 54(9): 3004-3011. [Li JX, Zhang TJ, Li JF, et al. Guide of traditional Chinese medicine—research progress on medicinal usher[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2023, 54(9): 3004-3011.] DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2023.09.032.

56.聂安政,高梅梅,凡杭,等. 中药特殊服法的探讨与思考(Ⅰ): 药引[J]. 中草药, 2019, 50(23): 5901-5906. [Nie AZ, Gao MM, Fan H, et al. Discussion and consideration on special way of taking Chinese materia medica (Ⅰ): guiding herbs[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2019, 50(23): 5901-5906.] DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670. 2019.23.035.

57.范永生,姜德友,主编. 金匮要略——全国中医药行业高等教育“十四五”规划教材[M]. 北京: 中国中医药出版社, 2016: 207.

58.叶爱军,邵晖,张碧华,等. 《中华人民共和国药典：一部》收载的中成药使用药引的临床现状分析[J]. 中国医院用药评价与分析, 2022, 22(12): 1517-1521. [Ye AJ, Shao H, Zhang BH, et al. Analysis of clinical status of guiding herbs for Chinese patent medicine included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (PartⅠ)[J]. Evaluation and Analysis of Drug-Use in Hospitals of China, 2022, 22(12): 1517-1521.] DOI: 10.14009/j.issn.1672-2124.2022.12.020.

59.东汉·张仲景,著. 金匮要略[M]. 南宁: 中国古籍出版社. 2018: 135．

60.宋·太平惠民和剂局, 著. 刘景源, 点校. 太平惠民和剂局方[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 1985, 269．

61.国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB/T 13662-2018黄酒[S]. 2018: 3.

62.Liu R, Fu Z, Zhang F, et al. Effect of yellow rice wine on anti-agingability in aged mice induced by D-galactose[J]. FSHW, 2020, 9(2): 184-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2020.02.003.

63.Yang Y, Hu W, Xia Y, et al. Flavor formation in Chinese rice wine (Huangjiu): impacts of the flavor-active microorganisms, raw materials, and fermentation technology[J]. Front Microbiol, 2020, 11: 580247. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580247.

64.王楠,徐巧红,高颖瑞,等. 党参黄酒的酿造工艺优化及体外抗氧化活性研究[J]. 中国酿造, 2023, 42(6): 178-185. [Wang N, Xu QH, Gao YR, et al. Optimization of brewing process and in vitro antioxidant activity of Codonopsis pilosula Huangjiu[J]. Chinese Brewing, 2023, 42(6):178-185.] DOI: 10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2023.06.029.

65.张文刚,张杰,党斌,等. 藜麦黄酒发酵工艺优化及抗氧化特性研究[J]. 食品与机械, 2019, 35(12): 174-178, 226. [Zhang WG, Zhang J, Dang B, et al. Optimization on fermentation conditions and the antioxidant characteristics of Chinese quinoa rice wine[J]. Food & Machinery, 2019, 35(12): 174-178, 226.] DOI: 10.13652/j.issn.1003-5788.2019.12.032.

66.翟小亚,郭航远,池菊芳,等. 黄酒多酚对LDLR- /-小鼠MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1、TIMP-2表达和动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响[J]. 中国动脉硬化杂志, 2013, 21(12): 1069-1074. [Zhai XY, Guo HY, Chi JF, et al. Effects of yellow wine polyphenolic compounds on expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and atherosclerotic plaques of LDLR-/- mice[J]. Chinese Journal of Arteriosclerosis, 2013, 21(12): 1069-1074.] DOI: CNKI:SUN:KDYZ.0.2013-12-003.

67.蒋丰岭,周玮忻,伍梓汐,等. 黄酒对小鼠肝脏功能及肠道菌群的影响[J]. 中国酿造, 2020, 39(7): 41-45. [Jiang FL, Zhou WX, Wu ZX, et al. Effect of Huangjiu on liver function and intestinal microbiota in mice[J]. China Brewing, 2020, 39(7): 41-45.] DOI: 10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2020.07.009.

68.冯欣静,周志磊,姬中伟,等. 黄酒低聚糖的分离纯化与体外菌群增殖评价[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(18): 1-10. [Feng XJ, Zhou ZL, Ji ZW, et al. Separation, purification and in vitro fecal flora proliferation evaluation of Huangjiu oligosaccharides[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(18): 34-41.] DOI: 10.13995/j.cnki. 11-1802/ts.030626.

69.Gardner JD, Mouton AJ. Alcohol effects on cardiac function[J]. Compr Physiol, 2015, 5(2): 791-802. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140046.

70.Kivimäki M, Singh-Manoux A, Batty GD, et al. Association of alcohol-induced loss of consciousness and overall alcohol consumption with risk for dementia[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2020, 3(9): e2016084. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16084.

71.Haber PS, Kortt NC. Alcohol use disorder and the gut[J]. Addiction, 2021, 116(3): 658-667. DOI: 10.1111/add. 15147.