Bupleuri radix is the dried root of Bupleuri radix or narrow-leaved Bupleuri radix of the umbelliferae family, and it is the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which was first published in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica. It has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antidepressant, et al. In the modern study, the extract of Bupleuri radix mainly includes a variety of chemical components such as Bupleuri radix saponin, flavonoids and volatile oil. By reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper summarizes the research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Bupleuri radix, and points out the future research direction to provide a certain reference basis for the subsequent research.

1.刘倩, 谢雪姣. 基于“升阳散郁”探析柴胡汤类方证运用[J]. 湖南中医杂志, 2024, 40(5): 105-108. DOI: 10.16808/i.cnki.issn1003-7705.2024.05.030.

2.王晖, 张改霞, 杨成民, 等. 历代本草所用柴胡物种辨析[J]. 中草药, 2018, 49(20): 4928-4934. [Wang  H, Zhang  GX, Yang CM, et al. Species discrimination of Bupleuri radix in herbs works of past dynasties[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2018, 49(20): 4928-4934.] DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2018.20.033.

3.王海强, 周千瑶, 李冰琪, 等. 柴胡化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J]. 吉林中医药, 2024, 44(1): 96-100. [Wang HQ, Zhou QY, Li BQ. Chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Chinese thorowax root: review[J]. Jilin Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 44(1): 96-100.] DOI: 10.13463/j.cnki.jlzyy.2024.01.022.

4.杨印军, 郑伟, 郭佳琪, 等. 北柴胡、竹叶柴胡、藏柴胡与小叶黑柴胡化学成分比较研究[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2019, 44(2): 332-337. [Yang YJ, Zheng W, Guo JQ, et al. Comparative analysis on chemical constituents in Bupleurum chinense, B. marginatum, B. marginatum var. stenophyllum and B. smithii var. parvifolium[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2019, 44(2): 332-337.] DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20181009.010.

5.Sun P, Li Y, Wei S, et al. Pharmacological effects and chemical constituents of Bupleurum[J]. Mini Rev Med Chem, 2019, 19(1): 34-55. DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180628155931.

6.候梦雨, 赵夏, 过至雨, 等. 基于皂苷类成分研究鳖血柴胡对阴虚作用的谱效关系[J/OL]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2024-06-19. [Hou MY, Zhao X, Guo ZY, et al. Based on saponins spectral effect relationship of bupleurum trionyx bloodon yin deficiency was studied[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae, 2024-06-19.] DOI: 10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20240911.

7.白雪. 基于LC-MS代谢组学的北柴胡质量评价研究[D]. 太原: 山西大学, 2023. DOI: 10.27284/d.cnki.gsxiu.2023.000936.

8.陈妮平, 王燕, 董妍, 等. 生、醋柴胡UPLC-DAD指纹图谱建立及抗肝纤维化作用的谱效关系研究[J]. 中国药理学通报, 2024, 40(6): 1145-1152. [Chen NP, Wang Y, Dong Y, et al. Establishment of UPLC-DAD fingerprint of raw and vinegar Bupleurumbupleurum and study on spectral effect relationship of anti-hepatic fibrosis[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2024, 40(6): 1145-1152.] DOI: 10.12360/CPB202401041.

9.赵利军, 魏娟, 柳漫宇, 等. HPLC法评价不同产地柴胡药材的质量[J]. 湖北医药学院学报, 2023, 42(2): 127-130. [Zhao LJ, Wei J, Liu MY, et al. Quality evaluation of Bupleuri radix in different origins by HPLC[J]. Journal of Hubei University of Medicine, 2023, 42(2): 127-130.] DOI: 10.13819/j.issn.2096-708X.2023.02.003.

10.贾云鹏, 杨晓军, 王超, 等. 北柴胡根部的化学成分研究[J]. 中草药, 2024, 55(2): 402-408. [Jia YP, Yang  XJ, Wang C, et al. Chemical constituents from roots of Bupleurum chinense[J]. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2024, 55(2): 402-408.] DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253- 2670.2024.02.006.

11.Gevrenova R, Kondeva-Burdina M, Denkov N, et al. Flavonoid profiles of three Bupleurum species and in vitro hepatoprotective of activity Bupleurum flavum Forsk[J]. Pharmacogn Mag, 2015, 11(41): 14-23. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.149680.

12.任倩倩, 高朋, 马致静, 等. 响应面法优化超声辅助提取北柴胡黄酮工艺及抗氧化活性[J]. 北方园艺, 2023, (5): 93-100. [Ren QQ, Gao P, Ma ZJ, et al. Optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction of flavonoids from Bupleurum chinese by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activity[J]. Northern Horticulture, 2023, (5): 93-100.] DOI: 10.11937/bfyy.20222652.

13.肖宗雨, 刘艳, 孙延平, 等. 柴胡地上部分黄酮类化学成分研究[J]. 中药材, 2020, 43(11): 2679-2683. [Xiao ZY, Liu Y, Sun YP, et al. Chemical constituents of flavonoids from the aerial parts of Bupleurum chinense[J]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2020, 43(11): 2679-2683.] DOI: 10.13863/j.issn1001-4454. 2020.11.013.

14.Wan H, Zhou L, Wu B, et al. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis of roots of Bupleurum chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, two sources of medicinal Chaihu[J]. Sci Rep, 2022, 12(1): 22335. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27019-8.

15.李雪仪, 彭东辉, 陈雨婵, 等. 酒炙对柴胡总黄酮以及皂苷类成分的影响[J]. 广东药科大学学报, 2023, 39(6): 70-76. [Li XY, Peng DH, Chen YC, et al. Effects of stir-frying with wine on total flavonoids and saponins of Bupleuri radix[J]. Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 2023, 39(6): 70-76.] DOI: 10.16809/j.cnki.2096- 3653.2023092501.

16.王世丽, 朱娟娟, 卢琪, 等. 南北柴胡共有挥发性物质研究[J/OL]. 中药材, 2024-04-28. [Wang SL, Zhu  JJ, Lu  Q, et al. Study on common volatile substances of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium and Bup leurum chinense roots[J/OL]. Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2024-04-28.] DOI: 10.13863/j.issn1001-4454.2024.04.022.

17.马玉芝, 曾铁鑫, 吴佩玲, 等. 基于GC-MS和网络药理学的5种柴胡挥发油比较研究[J]. 中国现代中药, 2024, 26(8): 1366-1373. [Ma YZ, Zeng TX, Wu PL, et al. Comparison of volatile oil components in roots of five bupleurum species based on GC-MS and network pharmacology[J]. Modern Chinese Medicine, 2024, 26(8): 1366-1373.] DOI: 10.13313/j.issn.1673-4890. 20240226002.

18.刘坤垚, 王奇, 王建新. 不同产地柴胡挥发油成分的测定与比较[J]. 华西药学杂志, 2022, 37(4): 409-413. [Liu KY, Wang Q, Wang JX. Determination and comparison of volatile oil constituents of Bupleurum chinense from different places[J]. West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022, 37(4): 409-413.] DOI: 10.13375/j.cnki.wcjps.2022.04.011.

19.胡倩, 金司仪, 李丹清, 等. 柴胡挥发油的研究进展[J]. 中南药学, 2019, 17(9): 1499-1503. [Hu Q, Jin SY, Li DQ, et al. Research progress of volatile oil from Radix bupleuri[J]. Central South Pharmacy, 2019, 17(9): 1499-1503.] DOI: 10.7539/j.issn.1672-2981.2019.09.025.

20.Feng S, Li K, Lyu W, et al. Extraction, characterization, antioxidation and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides from Bupleurum chinense based on different molecular weights[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2024: 1-11. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2357667.

21.Yu, X, Miao, Z, Zhang, L, et al. Extraction, purification, structure characteristics, biological activities and pharmaceutical application of Bupleuri radix polysaccharide: a review[J]. Int J Biol Macromol, 2023, 237: 124146. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124146.

22.赵亚, 李苹, 吴亚运, 等. 不同分子量醋柴胡多糖对迟发型超敏反应小鼠的影响[J]. 中药新药与临床药理, 2022, 33(7): 902-907 [Zhao Y, Li P, Wu YY, et al. Effects of vinegar-baked Bupleuri radix polysaccharides with different molecular weight on delayed-type hypersensitivity mice[J]. Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacology, 2022, 33(7): 902-907.] DOI: 10.19378/j.issn.1003-9783.2022.07.007.

23.赵小亮, 王宝忠, 康兴兴, 等. 藏柴胡多糖提取工艺优化、结构表征及其药理活性研究[J]. 中成药, 2024, 46(6): 1985-1990. [Zhao XL, Wang BZ, Kang XX, et al. Optimization of the extraction process, structural characterization and pharmacological activity of the polysaccharides from Tibetan woodruff[J]. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, 2024, 46(6): 1985-1990.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2024.06.035.

24.刘丽娟, 赵亚, 吴亚运, 等. 醋柴胡多糖对拉米夫定体外抗乙型肝炎病毒的增效作用研究[J]. 世界中医药, 2023, 18(8): 1079-1084. [Liu LJ, Zhao Y, Wu YY, et al. Synergistic effect of polysaccharide from vinegar-baked radix Bupleuri with lamivudine against hepatitis B virus in vitro[J]. World Chinese Medicine, 2023, 18(8): 1079-1084.] DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2023.08.004.

25.Ashour ML, El-Readi M, Youns M, et al. Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil obtained from Bupleurum marginatum (Apiaceae)[J]. Pharm Pharmacol, 2009, 61(8): 1079-1087. DOI: 10.1211/jpp/61.08.0012.

26.Ashour ML, Wink M. Genus Bupleurum: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and modes of action[J]. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2011, 63(3): 305-321. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01170.x.

27.Du P, Xu J, Jiang Y, et al. Saikosaponin-d attenuates hashimoto's thyroiditis by regulating macrophage polarization[J]. J Immunol Res, 2022, 2022: 7455494. DOI: 10.1155/2022/7455494.

28.Song L, Lu G, Tao Y. Saikosaponin D attenuates inflammatory response and cell apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung epithelial cells[J]. Clin Respir J, 2023, 17(10): 1017-1024. DOI: 10.1111/crj.13688.

29.Wang X, Li S, Yu J, et al. Saikosaponin B2 ameliorates depression-induced microglia activation by inhibiting ferroptosis-mediated neuroinflammation and ER stress[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2023, 316: 116729. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116729.

30.Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang X, et al. Saikosaponin-d regulates angiogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis through angiopoietin/Tie-2 pathway[J]. Acta Histochem, 2023, 125(8): 152100. DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152100.

31.Lei Z, Zou G, Gao Y, et al. A new triterpenoid and a new flavonoid glycoside isolated from Bupleurum marginatum and their anti-inflammatory activity[J]. Nat Prod Res, 2020, 34(24): 3492-3498. DOI: 10.1080/14786419. 2019.1582037.

32.Chen RJ, Guo XY, Cheng BH, et al. Saikosaponin a inhibits cigarette smoke-induced oxidant stress and inflammatory responses by activation of Nrf2[J]. Inflammation, 2018, 41(4): 1297-1303. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0778-7.

33.Huang M, Yan Y, Deng Z, et al. Saikosaponin A and D attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy in chronic kidney disease by reducing oxidative stress through activation of PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway[J]. Phytomedicine, 2023, 114: 154766. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154766.

34.Du J, Song D, Li Y, et al. Saikosaponin-D mitigates oxidation in SH-SY5Y cells stimulated by glutamate through activation of Nrf2 pathway: involvement of PI3K[J]. Neurotox Res, 2022, 40(1): 230-240. DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00438-7.

35.Zhao W, Li JJ, Yue SQ, et al. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of a polysaccharide from Bei Chaihu (Bupleurum chinense DC.)[J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2012, 89(2): 448-452. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.027.

36.Zhang DY, Liang J, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of various processed methods on chemical constituents and anti-hepatitis activity of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. by metabonomics and molecular docking[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2022, 218: 114837. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114837.

37.江继超, 洪洲, 潘光旭, 等. 柴胡皂苷D抑制肝星状细胞活化及PSME3表达的实验研究[J]. 福建中医药, 2024, 55(6): 25-28. DOI: 10.13260/j.cnki.jfjtcm. 2024.06006.

38.Lin L, Zhou M, Que R, et al. Saikosaponin-d protects against liver fibrosis by regulating the estrogen receptor-β/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway[J]. Biochem Cell Biol, 2021, 99(5): 666-674. DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0561.

39.Zhu Y, Chen X, Rao X, et al. Saikosaponin a ameliorates lipopolysaccharide and dgalactosamine-induced liver injury via activating LXRα[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2019, 72: 131-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.049.

40.Xie JY, Di HY, Li H, et al. Bupleurum chinense DC. polysaccharides attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice[J]. Phytomedicine, 2012, 19(2): 130-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.057.

41.刘桂梅, 郑蕊, 刘晓斌, 等. 柴胡皂苷D诱导内质网应激增强胶质瘤细胞替莫唑胺敏感性的机制[J]. 中国药理学通报, 2024, 40(6): 1105-1114. [Liu GM, Zheng  R, Liu XB, et al. Mechanism of saikosaponin D enhancing temozolomide sensitivity inglioma cells via inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress[J]. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin, 2024, 40(6): 1105-1114.] DOI: 10.12360/CPB202401048.

42.Chen LL, Xia LY, Zhang JP, et al. Saikosaponin D alleviates cancer cachexia by directly inhibiting STAT3[J]. Phytother Res, 2023, 37(3): 809-819. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7676.

43.Luo J, Wang J, Yang J, et al. Saikosaponin B1 and Saikosaponin D inhibit tumor growth in medulloblastoma allograft mice via inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway[J]. J Nat Med, 2022, 76(3): 584-593. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01603-8.

44.He H, Guo J, Hu Y, et al. Saikosaponin D reverses epinephrine- and norepinephrine-induced gemcitabine resistance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by downregulating ADRB2/glycolysis signaling[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2023, 55(9): 1404-1414. DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023040.

45.Shi C, Sun L, Fang R, et al. Saikosaponin-A exhibits antipancreatic cancer activity by targeting the EGFR/PI3K/Akt pathway[J]. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2023, 24(4): 579-588. DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220610113514.

46.关月宏, 刘桂梅, 刘雨思, 等. 柴胡皂苷D通过Akt/mTOR通路调控胰腺癌Panc-1细胞凋亡及自噬[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2023, 48(19): 5278-5284. [Guan YH, Liu  GM, Liu YS, et al. Saikosaponin D regulates apoptosis and autophagy of pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells via Akt/mTOR pathway[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2023, 48(19): 5278-5284.] DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm. 20230713.401.

47.Fu R, Zhang L, Li Y, et al. Saikosaponin D inhibits autophagosomelysosome fusion and induces autophagyindependent apoptosis in MDAMB231 breast cancer cells[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2020, 22(2): 1026-1034. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11155.

48.Zhang Y, Dai K, Xu D, et al. Saikosaponin A alleviates glycolysis of breast cancer cells through repression of Akt/STAT3 pathway[J]. Chem Biol Drug Des, 2023, 102(1): 115-125. DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14259.

49.Wang C, Zhang R, Chen X, et al. The potential effect and mechanism of Saikosaponin A against gastric cancer[J]. BMC Complement Med Ther, 2023, 23(1): 295. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04108-3.

50.Zhang Y, Lin L, Wang Y, et al. Saikosaponin B4 suppression cancer progression by inhibiting SW480 and SW620 cells proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in colon cancer[J]. Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 2022, 22(11): 889-903. DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220627160834.

51.Chen M, Hu C, Yang L,et al. Saikosaponin-D induces the pyroptosis of lung cancer by increasing ROS and activating the NF-κB/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway[J]. J Biochem Molecular Toxicol, 2023, 37(8): e23444. DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23444.

52.You M, Fu J, Lyu X, et al. Saikosaponin b2 inhibits tumor angiogenesis in liver cancer via downregulation of VEGF/ERK/HIF1α signaling[J]. Oncol Rep, 2023, 50(1): 136. DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8573.

53.Tang TT, Jiang L, Zhong Q, et al. Saikosaponin D exerts cytotoxicity on human endometrial cancer ishikawa cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting metastasis through MAPK pathways[J]. Food Chem Toxicol, 2023, 177: 113815. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113815.

54.Zhao L, Li J, Sun ZB, et al. Saikosaponin D inhibits proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells via the p53 signaling pathway[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2019, 17(1): 488-494. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6969.

55.Cai C, Zhang H, Ou Y, et al. Saikosaponin-d suppresses cell growth in renal cell carcinoma through EGFR/p38 signaling pathway[J]. Neoplasma, 2017, 64(4): 518-525. DOI: 10.4149/neo_2017_405.

56.乔明亮, 梁硕, 孟毅, 等. 柴胡皂苷A调节cAMP/PKA/CREB信号通路对失眠大鼠的改善作用及机制研究[J]. 中药新药与临床药理, 2024, 35(5): 633-638. [Qiao ML, Liang S, Meng Y, et al. Study on the improvement effect and mechanism of Saikosaponin A on insomnia rats by regulating cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway[J]. Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacology, 2024, 35(5): 633-638.] DOI: 10.19378/j.issn.1003-9783.2024.05.004.

57.Zhong YH, Jiang S, Qu WM, et al. Saikosaponin a promotes sleep by decreasing neuronal activities in the lateral hypothalamus[J]. J Sleep Res, 2022, 31(2): e13484. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13484.

58.Feng J, Ma H, Yue Y, et al. Saikosaponin a ameliorates diet-induced fatty liver via regulating intestinal microbiota and bile acid profile in laying hens[J]. Poult Sci, 2023, 102(12): 103155. DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103155.

59.Manoharan S, Deivendran B, Perumal E. Chemotherapeutic potential of saikosaponin D: experimental evidence[J]. J Xenobiot, 2022, 12(4): 378-405. DOI: 10.3390/jox12040027.

60.Gu Y, Duan S, Ding M, et al. Saikosaponin D attenuates metabolic associated fatty liver disease by coordinately tuning PPARα and INSIG/SREBP1c pathway[J]. Phytomedicine, 2022, 103: 154219. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154219.

61.Su J, Pan YW, Wang SQ, et al. Saikosaponin-d attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors via inhibiting microglia activation and neuroinflammation[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 80: 106181. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106181.

62.Chen XQ, Chen SJ, Liang WN, et al. Saikosaponin A attenuates perimenopausal depression-like symptoms by chronic unpredictable mild stress[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2018, 662: 283-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.046.

63.Wang AR, Mi LF, Zhang ZL, et al. Saikosaponin A improved depression-like behavior and inhibited hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia through p-CREB/BDNF pathway[J]. Behav Brain Res, 2021, 403: 113138. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113138.

64.Gao T, Wang T, Wu L, et al. Saikosaponin-d alleviates depression by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination and inhibiting inflammasome activation[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2024, 127: 111324. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111324.

65.Tong Y, Zhao G, Shuang R, et al. Saikosaponin a activates Tet1/DLL3/Notch1 signalling and promotes hippocampal neurogenesis to improve depression-like behavior in mice[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2024, 319 (Pt 3): 117289. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117289.

66.Ye M, Bi YF, Ding L, et al.Saikosaponin a functions as anti-epileptic effect in pentylenetetrazol induced rats through inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway[J]. Biomed Pharm, 2016, 81: 281-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.012.

67.Hong Y, Deng N, Jin HN, et al. Saikosaponin A modulates remodeling of Kv4.2-mediated A-type voltage-gated potassium currents in rat chronic temporal lobe epilepsy[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2018, 12: 2945-2958. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S166408.

68.Radulović N, Stevanović M, Nešić M, et al. Constituents of bupleurum praealtum and bupleurum veronense with potential immunomodulatory activity[J]. J Nat Prod, 2020, 83(10): 2902-2914. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00437.

69.Bui TT, Piao CH, Hyeon E, et al. Preventive effect of bupleurum chinense on nasal inflammation via suppressing T helper type 2, eosinophil and mast cell activation[J]. Am J Chin Med, 2019, 47(2): 405-421. DOI: 10.1142/S0192415X19500204.

70.Hao Y, Piao X, Piao X. Saikosaponin-d inhibits β-conglycinin induced activation of rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2012, 13(3): 257-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.04.021.