Myelosuppression is one of the most common and severe adverse reactions during chemotherapy for cancer patients, significantly affecting their clinical prognosis. Although traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has no direct record of "myelosuppression", based on its clinical manifestations, it is classified into the categories of "blood deficiency", "consumptive disease", and "fever due to internal injury", belonging to the syndrome of deficiency in the root and excess in the branch. This study focuses on the TCM pathogenesis of myelosuppression after chemotherapy, systematically elaborates on the pathological framework of "deficiency of the spleen and kidney, internal accumulation of heat-toxin, and disorder of transportation and transformation", and proposes a comprehensive treatment strategy centered on "tonifying the spleen and kidney to strengthen the root, clearing heat and detoxifying to eliminate the branch, and regulating the spleen and stomach to assist transportation and transformation". This paper systematically reviews "medicine-food homology" Chinese herbs with the potential to improve myelosuppressioned. Their medicinal parts, functions and indications, nature, flavors, and meridian tropism, as well as main active ingredients were systematically summarized. Their pharmaceutical characteristics and pharmacological effects were further analyzed, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem/hematopoietic progenitor cells, alleviating oxidative stress injury, improving the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment, regulating immune function, and reconstructing immune balance were elucidated from multiple targets and levels, which is expected to provide theoretical basis and references for subsequent clinical practice and in-depth scientific research in this field.

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